Back of Envelope
Back of envelope calculations is a technique used within software engineering to determine how a system should be designed. The method is most famous from big tech companies and is often expected in system design interviews. The thought is that you should first calculate some rough numbers so that it can drive decisions in designing possible solutions.
The following article lists various numbers at the time I did the research that I found useful for systems design, but is no longer being updated.
Note: All the numbers in this post are heavily rounded as their purpose is to give a rough guide for design decisions in the moment. You should always do more precise calculations before starting on a project/feature.
Useful Calculations
x Million users * y KB = xy GB example: 1M users * a documents of 100KB per day = 100GB per day.
x Million users * y MB = xy TB example: 200M users * a short video of 2MB per day = 400TB per day.
Byte Number Sizes
The number of zeros after thousands increments by 3.
Thousands = KB (3 zeros) Millions = MB(6 zeros) Billions = GB (9 zeros) Trillions = TB (12 zeros) Quadrilions = PB (15 zeros)
Byte Conversions
1B = 8bits 1KB = 1000B 1MB = 1000KB 1GB = 1000MB
Object Sizes
Data
The numbers vary depending on the language and implementation.
char: 1B (8 bits)
char (Unicode): 2B (16 bits)
Short: 2B (16 bits)
Int: 4B (32 bits)
Long: 8B (64 bits)
UUID/GUID: 16B
Objects
File: 100 KB
Web Page: 100 KB (not including images)
Picture: 200 KB
Short Posted Video: 2MB
Steaming Video: 50MB per minute
Long/Lat: 8B
Lengths
Maximum URL Size: ~2000 (depends on browser)
ASCII charset: 128
Unicode charset: 143, 859
Per Period Numbers
The following numbers are heavily rounded and help determine how often something needs to happen over a period of time. For example, if a server has a million requests per day, it will need to handle 12 requests per second.
More complex example:
100M photos (200KB) are uploaded daily to a server.
100 (number of millions) * 12 (the number per second for 1M) = 1200 uploads a second.
1200 (uploads) * 200KB (size of photo) = 240MB per second.
The web servers will need to handle a network bandwidth of 240MB per second. You will therefore need a machine with high network performance to handle this bandwidth. In AWS this would translate to at least a m4.4xlarge, but it would be better to have multiple smaller servers to handle fault tolerance.
Usage
Users
Facebook: 2.27B | YouTube: 2B | Instagram: 1B
Pinterest: 332M | Twitter: 330M | Onedrive: 250M
TikTok: 3.7M
Visits
Facebook: 26.12B | Twitter: 6.34B | Pinterest: 1.32B
Spotify: 293M | Ikea: 233M | Nike: 110M
Argos: 54M | John Lewis: 37M |Superdry: 3.5M
Virgin Money: 1.8M | Aviva: 1.61M
Cost of Operations
Read sequentially from HDD: 30 MB/s
Read sequentially from SSD: 1 GB/s
Read sequentially from memory: 4 GB/s
Read sequentially from 1Gbps Ethernet: 100MB/s
Cross continental network: 6–7 world-wide round trips per second.
Systems
These are not exact numbers, which very much depend on the implementation and what is hosting the service. The purpose of the numbers is to have a general idea of the performance across different types of services.
SQL Databases
Storage: 60TB
Connections: 30K
Requests: 25K per second
Cache
Storage: 300 GB
Connections: 10k
Requests: 100k per second
Web Servers
Requests: 5–10k requests per second
Queues/Streams
Requests: 1000–3000 requests/s
Throughput: 1MB-50MB/s (Write) / 2MB-100MB/s (Read)
Scrapers
Requests: 1000 per second
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